OOP 把「資料 + 功能」打包成類別（class）：
class Student:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
self.scores = []
def add_score(self, score):
self.scores.append(score)
def average(self):
return sum(self.scores) / len(self.scores) if self.scores else 0
s1 = Student("丁丁")
s1.add_score(85); s1.add_score(92)
print(f"{s1.name} 平均：{s1.average()}")class Dog:
species = "犬科" # 類別屬性
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name # 實例屬性
self.age = age
self.tricks = []
def bark(self):
print(f"{self.name}：汪汪！")
def learn_trick(self, trick):
self.tricks.append(trick)
dog1 = Dog("小白", 3); dog2 = Dog("小黑", 1)
dog1.bark(); dog1.learn_trick("坐下")class Animal:
def __init__(self, name): self.name = name
def speak(self): pass
class Cat(Animal):
def speak(self): return f"{self.name}：喵～"
class Dog(Animal):
def speak(self): return f"{self.name}：汪汪！"
animals = [Cat("小花"), Dog("小白")]
for a in animals: print(a.speak()) # 多型！class BankAccount:
def __init__(self, owner, balance=0):
self.owner = owner
self.__balance = balance # 雙底線 = 私有
def deposit(self, amount):
if amount > 0: self.__balance += amount
def get_balance(self):
return self.__balance
acc = BankAccount("丁丁", 1000)
acc.deposit(500)
print(acc.get_balance()) # 1500class Pet:
def __init__(self, name, pet_type, age):
self.name = name; self.type = pet_type
self.age = age
self.hunger = 50; self.happiness = 50
def feed(self):
self.hunger = max(0, self.hunger - 20)
self.happiness += 5
print(f"🍖 {self.name} 吃飽了！")
def play(self):
self.happiness = min(100, self.happiness + 15)
self.hunger += 10
print(f"⚽ {self.name} 玩得很開心！")
def status(self):
print(f"{self.type} {self.name}（{self.age}歲）")
print(f" 飢餓:{self.hunger} 快樂:{self.happiness}")
pets = [Pet("小白", "🐶 狗", 3), Pet("小花", "🐱 貓", 2)]
pets[0].play(); pets[0].feed(); pets[0].status()class BankAccount:
def __init__(self, owner, balance=0):
self.owner = owner
self._balance = balance # _ 前綴表示「私有」
@property
def balance(self):
return self._balance
@balance.setter
def balance(self, value):
if value < 0:
raise ValueError("餘額不能為負！")
self._balance = value
def __str__(self):
return f"{self.owner} 的帳戶：${self.balance}"
def __add__(self, other):
return BankAccount(f"{self.owner}+{other.owner}",
self.balance + other.balance)
acc = BankAccount("丁丁", 1000)
print(acc) # 丁丁 的帳戶：$1000
acc.balance += 500 # 使用 property setterclass Employee:
def __init__(self, name, salary):
self.name = name
self.salary = salary
def work(self):
return f"{self.name} 工作中..."
class Engineer(Employee):
def __init__(self, name, salary, language):
super().__init__(name, salary)
self.language = language
def work(self): # 覆寫父類別方法
return f"{self.name} 正在寫 {self.language} 程式碼"
team = [
Employee("行政", 40000),
Engineer("丁丁", 60000, "Python"),
Engineer("拉拉", 65000, "JavaScript")
]
for person in team:
print(person.work()) # 多型：同樣 work()，不同行為